نقد داستان کوتاه The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County by Mark Twain

اختصاصی از فی دوو نقد داستان کوتاه The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County by Mark Twain دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

نقد داستان کوتاه                The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County  by Mark Twain

نوع فایل :  pdf    

زبان : انگلیسی

تعداد صفحات:  16

Screening of Immigrants and Refugees for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in San Diego County, California

اختصاصی از فی دوو Screening of Immigrants and Refugees for Pulmonary Tuberculosis in San Diego County, California دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

Study objectives: To evaluate the outcomes of a tuberculosis (TB) screening program for recent
immigrants to San Diego County, CA, and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics
of pulmonary TB cases occurring in recently arrived foreign-born persons detected through
this screening with those of similar cases found through routine surveillance.
Design: Retrospective review of computer databases and medical records.
Setting: Local public health department.
Patients: Recent immigrants and refugees classified as TB suspects in their country of departure
and foreign-born patients with active TB detected through routine surveillance.
Results: Five hundred seventy-one of 658 immigrants and refugees (87%) of completed screening.
Thirty-nine subjects (7%) were found to have active TB, and 433 subjects (76%) were found to
have latent TB. A diagnosis of active TB was associated with age of 25 to 44 years (odds ratio, 3.6;
95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 11.6) and A (odds ratio, 25.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to
512.2) or B1 classifications (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 12.5). Cases detected
through screening comprised 12% of all reported foreign-born persons with active TB. Compared
to other recently arrived foreign-born persons with active TB, those detected through
immigrant screening were more likely to be Asian and born in the Philippines and less likely to
have advanced disease.
Conclusions: Most immigrants and refugees classified as TB suspects by foreign screening
completed the US screening process, which had a high yield for detecting active and latent TB.
Only a minority of foreign-born persons (12%) with active TB were discovered through this
program, however, and additional measures are needed to facilitate early case finding in other
foreign-born populations. (CHEST 2004; 126:1777–1782)
Key words: immigrant; refugee; screening; tuberculosis